There are many ways to describe a database: the role it plays in a distributed architecture, the various internal components that make it work, and the various levels that define specific roles and ...

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Many types of data change over time, and different users and applications have requirements to access data at different points in time. A traditional DBMS stores data that is implied to be valid at ...

Retaining the particulars of change over time is a fairly intricate configuration. Audit log or shadow tables are sometimes employed, but on occasion there is a need for the "old" and "new" rows to ...